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Accueil > A propos du LPP > Communication > Actualités archivées > 2025 > Electron rainbows, as optical rainbows, do retain a quantitative signature of their quantum nature, even without any observable interference pattern

Electron rainbows, as optical rainbows, do retain a quantitative signature of their quantum nature, even without any observable interference pattern

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As the light rays that have passed through a water droplet, electron trajectories can be confined to a limited domain. Accumulation of those rays or trajectories in the vicinity of the envelope of that domain and the resulting increase in intensity is the classical explanation of rainbows. Other teams in the world have relied on the radius of such electron rainbows, when produced by an external electric field, to measure the energy of detached electrons. Those measurements, however, have always ignored the fact that, no more for electrons than for light does the brilliant arc of the rainbow correspond exactly to the position where classical trajectories accumulate. The gap between the one and the other position had yet been remarked since 1838 by the British physicist G.B. Airy : because of the wave nature of light, the maximum of intensity of the rainbow gets shifted into the interior side of the envelope. Recent measurements of the electron affinity of arsenic carried out at LPP with different methods have shown quantitatively what error can be made when the gap is not taken into account. Electron images, when they contain a rainbow, remain deeply marked by the quantum character of electron motion. This should come as no surprise, especially when one remembers that the first experimental demonstration of the wave character of electrons was carried out, by Davisson and Germer in 1927, precisely on free electrons. However, presence of a diffraction pattern in their images had made the presence of a wave conspicuous. The achieved measurements of the electron affinity of As recalled that, even in the absence of such a wave pattern, i.e., even in the absence of supernumerary arcs, the images of electron rainbows still contain a quantum mechanical signature. This should lead to the revision of roughly one third of the electron affinities given as reference values for the last ten years.

Arc-en-ciel électronique obtenu expérimentalement par projection, par un champ électrique de 423 V/m, d’électrons de 174 μeV (la densité de courant la plus grande correspond à la teinte la plus sombre). L’arc brillant (ici le cercle sombre extérieur complet) est la seule structure visible qui subsisterait si on augmentait encore l’énergie, à cause de la diminution du contraste des « arcs surnuméraires » intérieurs. Même si l’anneau intense extérieur, ici de diamètre 1,7 mm, se met alors à ressembler, lorsqu’il reste le seul visible, à une zone d’accumulation de trajectoires classiques, son rayon reste néanmoins toujours strictement plus petit que celui de l’enveloppe imposée au mouvement par la mécanique classique. Un effet quantique systématique peut ainsi subsister dans des images apparemment classiques.

Voir en ligne : « Quantum offset of velocity imaging-based electron spectrometry and the electron affinity of arsenic », C. Blondel & C. Drag, Physical Review Letters

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